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Abstract. Climatologies, which depict mean fields of oceanographic variables on a regular geographic grid, and atlases, which provide graphical depictions of specific areas, play pivotal roles in comprehending the societal vulnerabilities linked to ocean acidification (OA). This significance is particularly pronounced in coastal regions where most economic activities, such as commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, occur. In this paper, we unveil a comprehensive data product featuring coastal ocean acidification climatologies and atlases, encompassing the fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on the total scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content. These variables are provided on 1° × 1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins, defined as the region between the coastline and a distance of 200 nautical miles (∼370 km) offshore. The climatologies and atlases were developed using the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) gridding methods of the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) based on the recently released Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA), along with the 2021 update to the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2.2021) data product. The relevant variables were adjusted to the index year of 2010. The data product is available in NetCDF (https://doi.org/10.25921/g8pb-zy76, Jiang et al., 2022b) on the NOAA Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0270962.html (last access: 15 July 2024). It is recommended to use the objectively analyzed mean fields (with “_an” suffix) for each variable. The atlases can be accessed at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/synthesis/nacoastal.html (last access: 15 July 2024). 

Abstract Seawater carbonate chemistry observations are increasingly necessary to study a broad array of oceanographic challenges such as ocean acidification, carbon inventory tracking, and assessment of marine carbon dioxide removal strategies. The uncertainty in a seawater carbonate chemistry observation comes from unknown random variations and systematic offsets. Here, we estimate the magnitudes of these random and systematic components of uncertainty for the discrete open‐ocean carbonate chemistry measurements in the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 2022 update (GLODAPv2.2022). We use both an uncertainty propagation approach and a carbonate chemistry measurement “inter‐consistency” approach that quantifies the disagreement between measured carbonate chemistry variables and calculations of the same variables from other carbonate chemistry measurements. Our inter‐consistency analysis reveals that the seawater carbonate chemistry measurement community has collected and released data with a random uncertainty that averages about 1.7 times the uncertainty estimated by propagating the desired “climate‐quality” random uncertainties. However, we obtain differing random uncertainty estimates for subsets of the available data, with some subsets seemingly meeting the climate‐quality criteria. We find that seawater pH measurements on the total scale do not meet the climate‐quality criteria, though the inter‐consistency of these measurements improves (by 38%) when limited to the subset of measurements made using purified indicator dyes. We show that GLODAPv2 adjustments improve inter‐consistency for some subsets of the measurements while worsening it for others. Finally, we provide general guidance for quantifying the random uncertainty that applies for common combinations of measured and calculated values. 

Abstract Detailed descriptions of microbial communities have lagged far behind physical and chemical measurements in the marine environment. Here, we present 971 globally distributed surface ocean metagenomes collected at high spatio-temporal resolution. Our low-cost metagenomic sequencing protocol produced 3.65 terabases of data, where the median number of base pairs per sample was 3.41 billion. The median distance between sampling stations was 26 km. The metagenomic libraries described here were collected as a part of a biological initiative for the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program, or “Bio-GO-SHIP.” One of the primary aims of GO-SHIP is to produce high spatial and vertical resolution measurements of key state variables to directly quantify climate change impacts on ocean environments. By similarly collecting marine metagenomes at high spatiotemporal resolution, we expect that this dataset will help answer questions about the link between microbial communities and biogeochemical fluxes in a changing ocean. 

Abstract. The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is asynthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface-to-bottom oceanbiogeochemical bottle data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbonchemistry and related variables determined through chemical analysis ofseawater samples. GLODAPv2.2022 is an update of the previous version,GLODAPv2.2021 (Lauvset et al., 2021). The major changes are as follows: datafrom 96 new cruises were added, data coverage was extended until 2021, andfor the first time we performed secondary quality control on all sulfurhexafluoride (SF6) data. In addition, a number of changes were made todata included in GLODAPv2.2021. These changes affect specifically theSF6 data, which are now subjected to secondary quality control, andcarbon data measured on board the RV Knorr in the Indian Ocean in 1994–1995 whichare now adjusted using certified reference material (CRM) measurements made at the time. GLODAPv2.2022includes measurements from almost 1.4 million water samples from the globaloceans collected on 1085 cruises. The data for the now 13 GLODAP corevariables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolvedinorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4,and SF6) have undergone extensive quality control with a focus onsystematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) assubmitted by the data originator but converted to World Ocean CirculationExperiment (WOCE) exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product withadjustments applied to minimize bias. For the present annual update,adjustments for the 96 new cruises were derived by comparing those data withthe data from the 989 quality-controlled cruises in the GLODAPv2.2021 dataproduct using crossover analysis. SF6 data from all cruises wereevaluated by comparison with CFC-12 data measured on the same cruises. Fornutrients and ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) chemistry comparisons toestimates based on empirical algorithms provided additional context foradjustment decisions. The adjustments that we applied are intended to removepotential biases from errors related to measurement, calibration, and datahandling practices without removing known or likely time trends orvariations in the variables evaluated. The compiled and adjusted dataproduct is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate,4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 µmol kg−1in total alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH (depending on region), and 5 % inthe halogenated transient tracers. The other variables included in thecompilation, such as isotopic tracers and discrete CO2 fugacity(fCO2), were not subjected to bias comparison or adjustments. The original data, their documentation, and DOI codes are available at theOcean Carbon and Acidification Data System of NOAA NCEI (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/GLODAPv2_2022/, last access: 15 August 2022). This site also provides access to themerged data product, which is provided as a single global file and as fourregional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans –under https://doi.org/10.25921/1f4w-0t92 (Lauvset et al.,2022). These bias-adjusted product files also include significant ancillaryand approximated data, which were obtained by interpolation of, orcalculation from, measured data. This living data update documents theGLODAPv2.2022 methods and provides a broad overview of the secondary qualitycontrol procedures and results. 

Abstract. Internally consistent, quality-controlled (QC) data products play animportant role in promoting regional-to-global research efforts tounderstand societal vulnerabilities to ocean acidification (OA). However,there are currently no such data products for the coastal ocean, where mostof the OA-susceptible commercial and recreational fisheries and aquacultureindustries are located. In this collaborative effort, we compiled, quality-controlled, and synthesized 2 decades of discrete measurements ofinorganic carbon system parameters, oxygen, and nutrient chemistry data fromthe North American continental shelves to generate a data product calledthe Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA). Thereare few deep-water (> 1500 m) sampling locations in the currentdata product. As a result, crossover analyses, which rely on comparisonsbetween measurements on different cruises in the stable deep ocean, couldnot form the basis for cruise-to-cruise adjustments. For this reason, carewas taken in the selection of data sets to include in this initial releaseof CODAP-NA, and only data sets from laboratories with known qualityassurance practices were included. New consistency checks and outlierdetections were used to QC the data. Future releases of this CODAP-NAproduct will use this core data product as the basis for cruise-to-cruisecomparisons. We worked closely with the investigators who collected andmeasured these data during the QC process. This version (v2021) of theCODAP-NA is comprised of 3391 oceanographic profiles from 61 researchcruises covering all continental shelves of North America, from Alaska toMexico in the west and from Canada to the Caribbean in the east. Data for 14variables (temperature; salinity; dissolved oxygen content; dissolvedinorganic carbon content; total alkalinity; pH on total scale; carbonateion content; fugacity of carbon dioxide; and substance contents of silicate,phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrate plus nitrite, and ammonium) have beensubjected to extensive QC. CODAP-NA is available as a merged data product(Excel, CSV, MATLAB, and NetCDF; https://doi.org/10.25921/531n-c230,https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0219960.html, last access: 15 May 2021)(Jiang et al., 2021a). The original cruise data have also been updated withdata providers' consent and summarized in a table with links to NOAA'sNational Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) archives(https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-acidification-data-stewardship-oads/synthesis/NAcruises.html). 

Effective data management plays a key role in oceanographic research as cruise-based data, collected from different laboratories and expeditions, are commonly compiled to investigate regional to global oceanographic processes. Here we describe new and updated best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations, specifically those dealing with column header abbreviations, quality control flags, missing value indicators, and standardized calculation of certain properties. These data standards have been developed with the goals of improving the current practices of the scientific community and promoting their international usage. These guidelines are intended to standardize data files for data sharing and submission into permanent archives. They will facilitate future quality control and synthesis efforts and lead to better data interpretation. In turn, this will promote research in ocean biogeochemistry, such as studies of carbon cycling and ocean acidification, on regional to global scales. These best practice standards are not mandatory. Agencies, institutes, universities, or research vessels can continue using different data standards if it is important for them to maintain historical consistency. However, it is hoped that they will be adopted as widely as possible to facilitate consistency and to achieve the goals stated above. 

Abstract The ocean carbonate system is critical to monitor because it plays a major role in regulating Earth's climate and marine ecosystems. It is monitored using a variety of measurements, and it is commonly understood that all components of seawater carbonate chemistry can be calculated when at least two carbonate system variables are measured. However, several recent studies have highlighted systematic discrepancies between calculated and directly measured carbonate chemistry variables and these discrepancies have large implications for efforts to measure and quantify the changing ocean carbon cycle. Given this, the Ocean Carbonate System Intercomparison Forum (OCSIF) was formed as a working group through the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry program to coordinate and recommend research to quantify and/or reduce uncertainties and disagreements in measurable seawater carbonate system measurements and calculations, identify unknown or overlooked sources of these uncertainties, and provide recommendations for making progress on community efforts despite these uncertainties. With this paper we aim to (1) summarize recent progress toward quantifying and reducing carbonate system uncertainties; (2) advocate for research to further reduce and better quantify carbonate system measurement uncertainties; (3) present a small amount of new data, metadata, and analysis related to uncertainties in carbonate system measurements; and (4) restate and explain the rationales behind several OCSIF recommendations. We focus on open ocean carbonate chemistry, and caution that the considerations we discuss become further complicated in coastal, estuarine, and sedimentary environments.